Your Practical Guide To Self Reliant Living
There are so many reasons to love morel mushrooms. They’re widespread, easy to identify and tasty. Morels sell for roughly $20 per pound fresh or around $15 an ounce dried, so there’s good reason to hunt for your own. Most morels pop up in the early spring, giving you a good excuse to get outside and observe the world as it wakes up from a long winter of hibernation.
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The term “medicinal mushroom” used to draw snickers and knowing glances, but these days science is recognizing legitimate medicinal uses for mushrooms. Reishi mushrooms have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, and western science is just beginning to explore their many uses.
Medicinal mushrooms such as reishi, chaga, maitake, turkey tail and shiitake contain both water-soluble components, known as polysaccharides, and alcohol-soluble components known as triterpenes. For this reason, medicines made from reishi mushrooms often include a double extraction. This two-step process combines alcohol and water extracts to maximize the medicinal benefits.
Reishi Mushroom Tincture infusing in a mason jar.
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Shiitake mushrooms are a great place to start for the beginning mushroom cultivator. They’re easy to identify, and simple to grow.
They also have a relatively high market value, both fresh and dried, which means that they make a good addition to your farmer’s market table.
Our very first shiitake mushroom growing out of a sugar maple log.
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If you’re just getting started growing mushrooms, I highly recommend growing your first batch from a kit. They’re generally fool proof, and you’ll be able to see the stages of mushroom growth so that you can recognize them later on if you choose to continue cultivating mushrooms.
If you’re growing mushrooms with kids, it’s especially helpful to start with a kit because your first fruiting bodies will develop in as little as 1-2 weeks, keeping the kids interest and attention through the entire process.
There are a number of different companies that produce oyster mushroom kits. Try this one. Or this one. Or any of these. I’ve chosen one from Back to the Roots because they’re well established company that produces a lot of kits per year.
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Reishi mushrooms are one of the easiest mushrooms to identify, and a great place to start for beginning mushroom foragers. They have no poisonous look-alikes, so they’re relatively safe as well. Though reishi are generally too tough to eat, their medicinal properties have been well documented.
There are a number of different species, and each grows in a different region around the world. For the most part, their medicinal properties are the same and there is some argument that they’re actually the same species occupying different habitat niches.
All species grow on dead and dying trees and produce annually. Once you find reishi on a particular log or stump, they will continue to produce there every year until they’ve consumed all the wood substrate.
Reishi mushrooms are also known by the names lingzhi, mushroom of immortality, ten-thousand-year mushroom, herb of spiritual potency, varnish shelf and artists conk.
The mushroom itself is kidney or fan-shaped and has a distinctive red to orange color, and a shiny lacquered finish on the top. It’s a polyspore, so it lacks gills, but the underside is white (or tan or grey in older specimens) and has pinprick like dots. The flesh on the underside develops a brown/tan bruise when pressed. Only harvest fresh mushrooms with white undersides as they can potentially harbor dangerous molds when the mushrooms are past their prime or bruised and damaged.
They vary in size from an inch wide to a foot wide and can be as much as 2 inches thick. More commonly, they’ll be 4 to 6 inches wide and 1/2 inch to 1 inch thick.
New growth on the leading edge comes in as white and gradually changes to red-orange. Young mushrooms that are rapidly growing may be mostly white as they emerge from the wood. The bright red-orange cap that is characteristic of hemlock reishi will come as they mature.
As reishi get older, their flesh becomes tougher and the bright cap begins to dull. Second-year mushrooms are very fibrous and have lost their shine, and no longer have the same potent medicinal properties.
Old Reishi Mushroom on Standing Dead. Too old to harvest.
Reishi grows horizontally out of their host log, often with a very short or non-existent stem. They have a strong but pleasant woodsy scent, a bit like decomposing leaf mulch.
Spores emerge from the bottom side of the mushroom, and on logs where they’re growing one above the other you’ll see spores released by the upper mushrooms dulling the caps of the mushrooms below. The spore print in all species is brown.
Identifying reishi mushrooms varys a bit from region to region as different species have evolved based on location.
Ganoderma lucidum – Is the species used in traditional Chinese medicine. It grows on hardwood (especially oaks) in warmer regions, such as Asia, the south Pacific, southern Europe and the Southeastern United States.
Ganoderma tsugae – Found in the Northeastern United States, the species name “tsugae” means “hemlock tree” which tells you where you should begin looking for this species. Though it’s almost always found on hemlock, it can occasionally be found on birch or maple if they were growing close to hemlock. They can be found freshest between May and July. This species is also known as hemlock varnish shelf.
Ganoderma applanatum – A particularly hard and woody reishi species, varying in size from 2 to 30 inches wide. Color is duller than others and lacks a lustrous shine. Very difficult to cut, and often must be cut with a saw into strips for drying. This species is an opportunist and can be found on many different tree species, both hard and soft wood.
Ganoderma curtisii – Distributed from Massachusetts to Nebraska, this species has an especially dramatic ochre colored cap, that dulls as the mushroom ages. It has a matte rather than lacquered finish on its cap. Found on hardwood logs, usually oak or maple, but occasionally other hardwoods as well.
Ganoderma sessile – A red shiny species that grows 3 to 16 inches across. The flesh is very soft and bendable, and unlike other species, if damaged the outer growth margin will produce a sap like resin. Found on hardwood, usually oak or maple, but occasionally other hardwoods as well.
Ganoderma oregonense – As its name suggests, this species is native to the pacific northwest where it grows on conifers. The fruiting body is very large and can be up to a meter across.
Other species include: Ganoderma lingzhi, Ganoderma capense, Ganoderma carnosum and Ganoderma resinaceum.
Freshly Harvested Hemlock Reishi (Ganoderma tsugae) found in Early summer in Vermont.
Reishi mushrooms have no poisonous look-alikes, making them ideal for the beginning mushroom forager. While it’s sometimes hard to distinguish between species of reishi mushroom, all reishi species are used in the same way. The fine distinctions between species are more academic than practical.
Be sure to only use fresh first-year reishi mushrooms with bright caps and white undersides. As the mushrooms age, the underside grows darker, turning tan or brown and the cap dulls. Older reishi mushrooms can harbor potentially harmful molds and should not be consumed.
Hemlock reishi consumed by slugs after a heavy rain. They seem to only eat the red/orange varnish and their color changes to a bright orange when finished.
Be sure that the pore surface on the underside is white, ensuring that the mushroom is a young specimen. Reishi can either be gently pulled from the tree host, or cut with a knife in softer specimens. Reishi grow at the base of trees near the ground and often grow around plants found growing nearby. Be sure that the mushroom you harvest hasn’t grown around any toxic plants, especially poison ivy which can sometimes be found nearby.
Be careful taking reishi if you’re on other medication, especially medicine that affects the liver. There have been some rare but documented allergic reactions, involving skin rash and stomach upset, all of which stopped when reishi was discontinued.
The underside of a Hemlock Reishi that has grown around a stick. Be careful they haven’t grown around toxic plants.
Reishi mushrooms spoil quickly after harvest unless they’re promptly dried. They will keep in a paper bag in the refrigerator for 3-5 days but are best when they’re promptly cut into thin strips and dried. Dried reishi mushrooms should be stored in an airtight container out of direct sunlight.
They can also be chopped and made into a reishi mushroom tincture directly after harvest, no drying required. Since reishi mushrooms have both water soluble and alcohol soluble constituents, a double extraction tincture is the best way to get all the medicinal benefits.
Sliced Reishi Mushroom
In a class of medicines known as Adaptogens, reishi mushrooms help you to adapt to cope with physical and mental stresses. It’s best taken daily over an extended period, as it often takes a few weeks for reishi to build up in your system to have a positive impact.
They’re known to be analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-allergic and anti-tumor. Reishi mushrooms have also been shown to reduce blood pressure, blood cholesterol, blood sugar and reduce platelet aggregation that results in blood clots. Its effects on blood sugar were significant enough that it has been successfully used in the treatment of diabetes.
The antioxidant activity of compounds found in reishi mushrooms seem to target free radicals responsible for aging, and reishi helped reverse the effects of aging in lab mice. Reishi works to protect and strengthen the liver and has been successfully used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
The cancer-fighting properties of reishi mushrooms are well documented in scientific literature. Reishi doesn’t seem to fight cancer cells outside the body in tissue cultures, suggesting that the main anticancer effects are achieved by strengthening a person’s immune system and helping their body fight off cancer rather than attacking cancer directly.
Reishi mushrooms are most commonly made into a strong tea by simmering thinly sliced mushrooms for extended periods (1 to 2 hours). The medicinal components of reishi can also be extracted in an alcohol-based tincture. The dried mushroom powder can also be put into reishi capsules and taken as a daily immune boosting supplement.
Chopped reishi mushrooms in vodka for tincture
Though often too tough and woody to eat, they are technically edible. If you’d like to try eating one, harvest a very young mostly white growing tip just after it comes out of the log or stump. Dice it finely and sauté. I imagine you’ll be unimpressed, but give it a try.
Immature Cultivated Reishi (Ganoderma Lucidum) Image Source
If you have dead oak logs of stumps available, try growing your own by inoculating with reishi dowel plugs. I have not been able to find hemlock reishi spores or plugs online, but I have had success placing a freshly harvested hemlock reishi on top of a freshly cut hemlock stump. Our stump produced mushrooms the following year and has continued to be productive.
Commercial Reishi Cultivation
For more information on foraging reishi mushrooms, try any of these references:
The Complete Mushroom Hunter by Gary Lincoff
National Audubon Society Field Guide to Mushrooms
Mushrooms of the Upper Midwest
Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest
Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada
Mushrooms of the Midwest to New England
Getting your kids involved with growing mushrooms can be a great way to expose them to life outside the plant and animal kingdoms. Plants and animals are tangible, while understanding bacteria can be a bit tricky. Mushrooms are a good middle ground where kids can watch them grow with their own eyes, but still understand that they’re something entirely different than the plants and animals they’re used to.
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