Your Practical Guide To Self Reliant Living
Walking at the edge of the woods in early June I ran across a breathtaking tree that I’d never noticed before. It was covered in white flowers with an intoxicating tropical scent. Plums and apples had long since stopped blooming and set fruit, and they leaves weren’t quite right in any case. Plucked off a few leaves and managed to identify a potent wild medicinal: Hawthorn.
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My first home in Vermont had a huge patch of bee balm growing right outside my bedroom window. I’d wake up to a flurry of hummingbirds in the summer, arguing over the nectar inches from my window glass.
There was never a need to put up a hummingbird feeder, the bee balm took care of it for me and provided for endless hours of entertainment in the summer.
But bee balm doesn’t just feed the birds and the bees. It’s a potent medicinal and a tasty edible too.
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The inner bark of the Slippery Elm tree (Ulmus rubra) has been used medicinally for generations. It’s part of the traditional native American pharmacopeia, where it’s used to treat digestive ailments as well as cough and sore throat. The inner back is soothing and contains mucilage that can help mucous membrane issues.
It’s most commonly used to soothe the digestive tract, and it’s still sold as a herbal supplement to treat sensitive stomachs. I’ve taken slippery elm bark lozenges for sore throats with great success, and I can attest to how soothing it can be on a tender, scratchy throat.
Powdered slippery elm bark is used to soothe wounds and burns. It’s also thought that taking a pudding thickened with the powdered bark can help speed bone healing.
Slippery Elm is an elm species native to much of the Eastern and Central United States. It can grow up to 60 feet tall, but with the prevalence of Dutch elm disease and Elm Yellows, it rarely gets that big. Slippery elm looks very similar to American Elm, and the leaf shape may be a good way to tell them apart. Both leaves are asymmetrical at the top, with one side coming up slightly higher on the leaf stem. Slippery Elm leaves come down to a rather abrupt point, and to my eye it looks a bit like an extra tail hanging off the end of the leaf. American Elm leaves come to a more rounded point.
Even through slippery elm bark is still used in modern medicines, there’s been no large-scale effort to cultivate them for medicinal purposes. Couple that in with a few exotic elm tree diseases recently imported into the United States and wild elm populations are in decline.
Given that wild populations are in decline, is it ethical to harvest slippery elm bark?
In the Herbal Academy’s online Botany and Wildcrafting Course (a great resource for beginning foragers), slippery elm is specifically called out as an unsustainably harvested wild bark:
“As a rule, never harvest from the trunk of a living tree. Only harvest bark from a tree that has been recently cut down for some other reason or has recently fallen over on its own. The timing here can be tricky, as you only want to harvest from recently fallen trees (within a few weeks of falling or being cut down) and not those that have begun to rot and decay. Never, absolutely never, cut a tree down simply just to harvest its bark or its root bark. This is not only unethical, but unsustainable, and is the reason why so many tree species used in herbalism, such as slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), are currently at risk from over-harvesting.”
Given that, it’s best to harvest slippery elm bark from low branches or coppicing stumps from fallen trees. Commercially, the “best size” for harvesting slippery elm bark is a 10-year-old tree, but when you’re harvesting for your own home use, any small branch will do. The bark pulls away easily, even from the smallest branches.
Peeling bark from a slippery elm branch. Just score the bark with a pocket knife and it pulls back easily.
There are a few cases where it makes sense to intentionally harvest a whole slippery elm tree and make use of its bark. There’s a leaf yellowing disease (Elm Yellows) that causes the whole crown of a slippery elm tree to turn yellow in mid-summer. Shortly after that, the tree then drops its leaves. There’s no cure for this disease, and it can spread quickly to other trees. Trees with early leaf drop should be harvested immediately, and if caught early enough it may still be possible to use the bark from these trees. The disease attacks the inner bark, so in many cases, it’s not noticed soon enough to save the bark.
We recently lost a tree to Elm Yellows, and as it died it dropped a branch and broke the glass on our attached greenhouse. There was another smaller elm next to it, and it’s not experiencing symptoms yet. Still, given how close it is to the house and greenhouse, I’m not taking any more chances. Broken greenhouse glass is expensive, and there shouldn’t be trees right up next to a greenhouse in any case. Since that elm tree is going to be cut anyway, I might as well make use of the bark.
It’s best to harvest tree bark in the spring, just as the buds are breaking. As the sugary sap rushes up from the roots, the inner bark swells and fills with minerals and nutrients. All that extra liquid makes the inner bark more pliable and easier to remove.
Realistically though, bark can be harvested anytime a tree is about to be cut, or within a few weeks of a tree coming down. That way you can make use of what’s available and never feel the need to intentionally cut a tree just to harvest the bark.
The outer bark of Slippery Elm is soft and corky, and a knife will go right through it. The inner bark is moist and fibrous, and once it’s scored down to the wood, a strip of bark will pull away easily.
Once you’ve pulled the bark off in strips, the next step is to remove the corky outer bark. When I harvested birch bark for birch bark flour, I slipped a knife between the layers and the papery outer bark peeled off in a sheet. Not so much with Elm bark.
The bark is corky, and pieces will pop off but it doesn’t come off in convenient sheets. My 3-year-old grabbed a piece and started playing with it, and she discovered that the outer bark falls away easily if you roll up a strip. I saved a lot of time with this technique thanks to my curious little one. When harvesting a tree that has already been cut, foragers use a draw knife to scrape off the outer bark before scraping deeper to harvest the inner bark.
Rolling slippery elm bark to remove the outer bark.
Once the inner and outer bark are separated, the inner bark can be dried for later use. Peel it apart into narrower strips to help it dry more easily, and it will make it easier to grind the bark into a powder for other uses.
Once you’ve harvested and dried the bark, there are a number of different ways to use slippery elm bark.
A tea is the simplest way to take slippery elm bark. Years ago I used a tea from Traditional Medicinals called Throat Coat, which contains slippery elm bark and you can feel the soothing coat as it goes down.
It’s soothing to more than just the throat and it’s used to treat the entire digestive tract, from the throat all the way to the colon. Herbalist sometimes suggest taking slippery elm bark with other medicines because it has a coating effect, and it’ll coat the digestive tract and help the other medicines adhere where they’re most needed. Other sources warn that slippery elm bark may slow the absorption of other medicines, and so use your best judgment.
Slippery elm bark tea is used to treat:
I’m most familiar with slippery elm bark in the form of powdery lozenges made by a company called Thayers. They’re made by mixing the powdered bark with a bit of water and honey and then forming them into lozenges. The lozenges are formed by rolling the paste out and then cutting out round lozenges with a small cookie cutter or something like a water bottle cap.
Taking a slippery elm bark lozenge is a bit like taking tums. It’s a bit chalky and powdery, and it can be sucked or chewed for equal effect. The slippery elm bark powder combines with your saliva to create a mucilage that coats your throat and digestive tract.
To make slippery elm lozenges, dissolve 1 tablespoon of honey in 1/4 cup of water or herbal tea. Place 1/2 cup slippery elm bark powder in a bowl and slowly drizzle the honey/water mixture into the powdered bark. Knead the mixture, and add more liquid if necessary to form a dough. Roll it out and cut out individual lozenges. Allow the lozenges to dry overnight or until they reach the desired consistency.
I’ve seen other recipes that just use honey and no water, so experiment on your own. For a sore throat, a honey and powdered slippery elm bark lozenge might be just the right medicine. For an upset stomach, less honey might be the right medicine.
A gruel made out of the powdered bark is said to be comforting to the elderly and ill, and medicinal folklore suggests that it can help broken bones heal faster. Whether or not it helps with broken bones, it almost certainly helps treat digestive tract issues.
Externally, slippery elm bark is also soothing to the skin. A salve made with the powdered bark or a poultice made with water and bark is used to treat wounds, boils and burns. I’ve read that native Americans used to use moistened strips of the bark as bandages, wrapping them around wounds rather than preparing a poultice.
Slippery Elm is just one tree with edible or medicinal bark, but there are plenty of others. I wrote up a tutorial on how to harvest willow bark to make willow bark aspirin, and another on harvesting birch bark to make a wildcrafted flour. While many people think of herbalism as mainly using wild weeds, there are a surprising number of medicinal trees and all it takes is an open mind to accept them into your home herbal practice.
A friend of mine spends her summer weekend trying to wipe knotweed off the face of the earth. She comes back from trips exhausted, having used everything (including fire) to try to eradicate a patch of knotweed, only to find it in the very same spot the next year.
It’s an exotic invasive, but it is, in fact, a native plant in Japan. How do they deal with it there? They do the only sensible thing you can do when a plant just won’t stop growing. You eat it!
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Dandelions are exciting to backyard foragers because they’re one of the very first flowers of spring. They’re super easy to identify, and every part of a dandelion is edible. There are literally dozens of things you can make to eat with dandelions, from root to flower. Dandelions are also great as spring medicine, and they can be made into all manner of tinctures, teas, salves and soaps.
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Burdock tincture and I have a special relationship. It’s one of the first tinctures I tried where I actually saw the difference within hours of taking it. The results were dramatic, and I’d never before seen herbal medicine have such a dramatic impact so quickly.
I was pretty sick, with a vicious sore throat. The lymph nodes in my neck were swollen so badly that it was becoming ever so slightly difficult to breathe. I wasn’t quite at the point of heading to the doctor, but I did need relief.
Burdock is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, and I decided to give it a try before trying ibuprofen to bring down the inflammation. Within an hour of taking it, my lymph nodes were dramatically smaller, and my sore throat improved greatly.
The relief lasted about 2-3 hours before I needed to take another dose. Over the course of the next two days, this pattern stayed consistent. I’d take burdock tincture, my lymph nodes would shrink, and then a few hours later I’d take it again as I began to feel them swelling. Burdock tincture got me through a tough spot, and I’m happy that I had it on hand.
Chopped Burdock for Tincture
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Willow bark has been used for centuries as a natural pain reliever. It contains salicin, which was later synthesized and is the active ingredient in aspirin. It’s reputed to relieve pain without the stomach upset chemical aspirin causes, and it’s easier on the liver too.
All willow species contain some amount of salicin, so it’s easy to find a tree in your area for making natural aspirin.
Pieces of dried willow bark for willow bark tea.
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I’m all for saving the dandelions for the bees, except when they invade my strawberry patch. I’d tear out tomato volunteers if they got between me and my strawberries. There are always a couple of dandelions that land in just the wrong place, and pulling them up by the root ensures they don’t just come right back. So now you’ve got dandelion plants, roots and all.
Well, when life gives you dandelion root, make dandelion coffee!
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After a long winter of heavy foods, dandelions are a welcome sight. The leaves make for delicious fresh spring salads, and the flowers make a tasty dandelion wine. Dandelion roots are where the real medicine lies, and a dandelion tincture can preserve the herb for use year round.
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When we think of medicinal herbs, most people’s minds go right to small weeds and flowers growing at the edge of your lawn or on a roadside. It’s not common that we think of trees as a source of medicine, but historically, much of the country was forested and the people had to find medicinal uses for the forest trees to stay healthy.
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