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Comfrey has been used medicinally for thousands of years to reduce pain and promote healing. Modern peer-reviewed studies are finding that topical comfrey preparations, such as comfrey salve and comfrey cream, are incredibly effective herbal pain relievers.
Common comfrey (Symphytum officianale) and Russian Comfrey (S. uplandicum) are fast-growing leafy plants that are considered invasive in some areas. They spread rapidly, and are incredibly difficult to control because new plants can sprout from even tiny sections of root left in the soil.
They’re popular in permaculture gardening circles because of their ability to pull micro-nutrients from deep in the soil, and the tops are cut and applied in a number of ways as soil amendments.
Whether or not it’s a good idea to plant comfrey in your garden is up for debate, and you’ll need to cut it several times a season to keep it under control. That just means you’ll have plenty of potent medicine to harvest (and a great source of nutrient-rich mulch).
If you don’t have comfrey growing nearby, you can still make comfrey salve with either dried comfrey leaf or comfrey root, both of which can be purchased online. If you’re just hoping to find a ready-made salve and skip the DIY portion, I’d suggest checking on Etsy for small-scale cottage industry salve producers.
Comfrey’s medicinal benefits are well known, and even if you choose not to grow it for practical reasons, it’s easy enough to purchase dried comfrey leaves or dried roots for herbal remedies (either can be used to make comfrey salve).
I use comfrey salve to treat my chronic low back pain, brought long summer days in the garden and winters hauling a heavy chainsaw around our woodland homestead cutting firewood.
While historically comfrey was taken internally for all manner of issues (including broken bones), it’s now known to be potentially damaging to the liver when consumed, and it’s best avoided. Topically though, comfrey is still in common use for pain relief and minor wounds.
(Always consult your doctor or a clinical herbalist before trying any new herbal remedy, as there’s always the possibility of unintended consequences, allergic reaction, or interactions with other medication. If you’re harvesting wild plant material, make sure you’re 100% confident in your identification and consult multiple sources for your ID. The following is based on my research and experience, but I don’t claim to have any certifications that would qualify me to advise you on your health. Please do your own research and always verify with multiple reputable sources.)
Benefits of Comfrey
Comfrey has been shown to reduce inflammation, reduce pain, and speed skin healing. It contains allantoin, a substance believed to promote healing by stimulating the growth of new cells.
Since it’s potentially toxic taken internally, these days comfrey is only used topically as a herbal salve or cream. Salves are easy to make and require minimal ingredients and equipment.
They’re also simple to use and can store for extended periods (1-2 years) without spoiling or losing potency. Comfrey cream and comfrey ointments also work well, and I’ll cover those later on.
Herbalists commonly recommend comfrey salves for sprains, strains, muscle pain, arthritis, bruises, and fractures.
But what does the science say?
Back Pain
The British Journal of Sports Medicine found that topical comfrey creams were incredibly effective at treating acute back pain. The study found that pain intensity decreased by 95.2% in the comfrey treated group, as opposed to 37.8% in the placebo group.
Most notably, the study found that comfrey is fast-acting, with relief experienced in about an hour!
The study concluded that “comfrey root extract showed a remarkably potent and clinically relevant effect in reducing acute back pain.”
Osteoarthritis
Multiple studies have shown that comfrey salves reduced pain and increased mobility in patients with osteoarthritis.
A study on osteoarthritis of the knee found that pain was reduced by more than 50% with comfrey creams, as opposed to 10-15% with placebo during a 3 week study period. Another similar study confirms these results (but also noted a few cases of a topical skin reaction to comfrey.)
While pain is reduced and mobility increased, yet another study went further and found that though the symptoms are reversed, the actual measurable inflammation and cartilage breakdown within the knee are not improved.
It seems that comfrey may reduce osteoarthritis pain and symptoms, but it’s not actually healing the underlying condition.
Sprains
Comfrey’s pain-relieving effects are helpful in treating the pain associated with joint sprains, and one study found that topical applications of comfrey are as effective as synthetic prescription pain-relieving gels. The study only addressed pain symptoms, however, and didn’t investigate whether comfrey creams helped to heal sprains.
Precautions for Use
Do not ingest comfrey! Comfrey isn’t for internal use and you should never ingest comfrey in any form. Older herbals recommended consuming comfrey to help with bone healing, but that’s no longer recommended due to the risk of liver poisoning (and death in high enough doses).
Comfrey varies in constituents based on the strain, and it’s possible that the strains of comfrey consumed in medieval Europe were kept specifically for internal use. Those strains are no longer kept (or if they are, their ID and use aren’t certain). These days it’s impossible to know if some strains are safer than others without individual chemical analysis, and even then it’s not worth the risk.
Skin reactions have been reported in a small number of people in the clinical trials I mention, and there’s always the possibility of an allergy. I’d suggest doing a small patch test before using too much for the first time, just to be sure that you don’t have a reaction. That goes for any topical herbal remedy, not just comfrey salve.
Comfrey is for external use only, which is why a comfrey salve is an excellent way to use it.
Making Comfrey Salve
Making a homemade comfrey salve follows the same process as making any other herbal salve. It all starts with making a herbal infused oil.
The infused oil is then thickened with melted beeswax before pouring into containers to harden.
Making an Infused Oil
Infused oils are best made with dried herbs and a bit of patience. The dried herb material won’t cause the oil to go rancid while infusing, as opposed to wet herb material.
Fill a jar about 2/3rds full with dried comfrey leaves or dried comfrey root. Cover with a neutral oil, such as olive oil, and allow the herbs to infuse into the oil for about 4-6 weeks before straining.
If you’re using fresh herbs, or trying to make comfrey salve in less than 4-6 weeks, try the heat infusion method. Start by chopping the fresh herbs to expose more surface area.
Place the fresh or dried herbs in a jar, cover with oil and then place the jar into a double boiler. Gently heat the water in a double boiler, warming the oil, but keeping it under 140 degrees. It’s important that the herbs infuse (not deep fry).
A crockpot set to “keep warm” works well for this, but a small pot of water on very low heat also works.
Allow the fresh or dried herbs to infuse in the double boiler for about 24 hours before straining and continuing with the process.
(Note: If using fresh herbs, make sure the jar is open during the infusion process so that moisture can evaporate from the herb material)
Making a Herbal Salve
Once you have a comfrey infused oil, it’s simple to thicken it into a herbal salve.
Salve recipes vary, but I like the consistency when I use a 1 to 8 ratio of oil to beeswax (by weight). I weigh out 8 ounces of herb-infused oil, which is about what you end up with if you pack a wide-mouth pint mason jar with comfrey and cover it with oil.
Once it’s strained out, you should have about 8 ounces of oil. Next, weigh out 1 ounce of beeswax. Using easy melting beeswax pistils makes this process easy, but you can also chop some off a large block of beeswax.
Put the oil and beeswax in a heat-safe bowl or double boiler bowl, and gently melt it over a pot of simmering water (basically, in a double boiler). Once melted, pour the salves into jars or salve tins.
I’m using 2-ounce salve tins, which hold ever so slightly more than 2 ounces. I’m able to get 4 tins of comfrey salve from a single batch.
Allow the salves to cool and firm up for a few hours before using them.
Where to Buy Comfrey Salve
Homemade comfrey salve has its benefits…you know what’s in it, how the comfrey was grown (if you grew it) and it can save money compared to buying prepared comfrey salves. That said, the downside is that the dosage can be variable.
Different strains of comfrey have different medicinal potencies. There are a few named varieties that are grown for their high concentrations of healing compounds, and it’s hard to know the potency of comfrey harvested from your yard.
Most studies using topical comfrey applications used a standardized comfrey salve with 35% comfrey extract, while the dosage of homemade comfrey salve is unknown. I looked for comfrey cream and salves with a standardized dosage and I actually couldn’t find any, not a single one! (If you find one, please let me know in the comments).
I did, however, find two commercially available comfrey preparations, one cream, and one salve. I’ll warn you though, they’re expensive, about $10 an ounce…
- Traumaplant Comfrey Cream ~ Made into an easy-to-apply cream in a tube.
- Herb Pharm Salve ~ Not strictly comfrey, but also contains St. John’s Wort, Calendula, Chickweed, Mullein, Plantain, and Rosemary.
For me, I’m less concerned with standardized dosage than I am with results. If my homemade comfrey salve gets the job done, the dosage is just another number.
Comfrey Salve
Equipment
Ingredients
- 1 1/2 cup fresh comfrey leaves
- or 1 cup dried comfrey leaves
- or 1 cup dried comfrey roots
- Olive Oil to Fill, about 10 ounces
- 1- ounce beeswax
Instructions
- Place comfrey in a pint mason jar and cover with a carrier oil (like olive oil). Be sure to cover the herb material by at least an inch, and stir to remove air bubbles.
- For the fast infusion method, which is required for fresh herbs, place the jar in a double boiler or crockpot with water. Turn it on very low, and gently heat the mixture keeping it under 140 degrees. Allow the herbs to infuse in the warm oil for 24 hours before straining. (Can be used with fresh or dried herbs.)
- For the slower infusion method (only with dried herbs), allow the herbs to infuse at room temperature for 2-6 weeks before straining.
- Measure the strained herb-infused oil. You should have roughly 8 ounces of oil. For every 8 ounces of oil, add 1-ounce beeswax (by weight).
- Place the herb-infused oil and beeswax into a heatproof bowl and warm gently over a double boiler. Stir to combine and once melted, remove from heat.
- Pour the comfrey salve into salve tins or small jars and allow the mixture to cool for a few hours before using.
Notes
More Homemade Herbal Remedies
Looking to stock your home apothecary with more than just comfrey salve? Here are a few more of my favorite homemade herbal remedies:
- Arnica Oil and Salve
- Homemade Herbal Shampoo
- Winter Immune Support Tea Blend
- Reishi Tincture
- Echinacea Tincture
- Elderberry Oxymel
- Willow Bark Aspirin
Disclaimer on Homemade Herbal Remedies
I’ve been foraging wild medicines and treating my family with herbal remedies for the past 20 years, but I’m self-taught. Be aware that I am not a clinical herbalist, and this is based on my own research and personal experience using medicinal plants. I do not claim to have the experience that’d qualify me to advise you on your health, and I’m only providing this as a reference to encourage a broader interest in medicinal plants.
Please use this as a jumping-off point, but always do your own research and verify anything you read with multiple sources.
It’s always possible to have an adverse reaction to any medicinal herb, and plenty of people are allergic to even gentle herbs like chamomile. Always consult your doctor or a certified herbalist before trying any new medicinal plant. Often, they can have unintended reactions in combination with other herbs and supplements, and many herbs have side effects even when they are effective for their intended purpose.
If you are seriously interested in herbal medicine, I’d suggest investing in a course in herbal medicine, and I’d recommend any of the online courses put out by the Herbal Academy of New England. Specifically, the introduction to herbal medicine course and the family herbalist group of courses.
They also have a mushroom course, covering both medicinal and edible mushrooms, and a Botany and Wildcrafting Course. I’ve taken both and they’re informative, inspiring, and artfully presented.
Hey Ashley,
Trying the comfrey salve thing. I dug fresh roots, and so followed the non dried method. My question is the liquid in my pint jar got a bit over 140 in the crock pot so I shut it down for a bit.
Should I just cycle the pot on and off as needed, and is a static temperature crucially important ?
Thanks, kevin
It’s not crucial that you keep it at a static temperature so much as you want it to be below 140. Do you have a setting on your crock pot to keep it warm?
Hello! Thanks for the recipe here. Just wanted to ask how much a cup of dried root is in grams? Apparently conversion isn’t standardised so it depends on what is put in the cup. Thanks very much.
While it is true that you would normally want to weigh out the root in order to get a more accurate measurement, it is not necessary when making an infused oil. The amounts of herb in an infused oil recipe do not need to be exact. You can even get a container and fill it 2/3 of the way full of your root and then fill the jar with oil.
Just wondering how long you infuse in crock pot on low?I
I’ve been doing the double boiler. Picked up crock at garage sale.thought I’d use that instead.
Kind Regards
Kathy jo
You want to infuse the oil for 24 hours if using a crock pot.
Making more, almost out. Family loves it, and yeah, I think it works better than hemp CBD salves for my low back pain. It’s awesome!
We have plenty of comfrey in our garden. How could l make a comfrey police to apply to my strained thigh and buttock muscles.
Here is a great article from The Herbal Academy on how to make an herbal poultice.
https://theherbalacademy.com/how-to-make-a-poultice-with-herbs/
Comfrey is truly magical in my opinion . I have been making balm tubes of it for years . Meadow foam seed oil is excellent to use as well, for it has a long shelf life . Coconut oil is my second choice .
Spring is almost here so I can hardly wait to see our comfrey plants come alive . They are very hardy plants that can survive -30 plus winters.
Thank you for the excellent article on comfrey !
Can mineral oil be used in place of olive oil?
You can use just about any oil you’d like in this recipe (olive, almond, etc). I actually had to look up what mineral oil is, because I’ve never used it, but apparently it is an oil that is used on skin, so yes, it should be fine in this recipe. I’m not sure about the consistency, so you may have to play around with the amount of bees wax. (For example, if you use coconut oil instead then you use ever so slightly less beeswax for the same consistency since coconut oil is solid at room temperature)
+Hello, thank you for a beautiful article. I’m interested in learning practical self reliance and find you. I have a few questions if you can assist:
a) can you give a guide on usage on all parts of the comfrey plant. You’ve touched on the leaves and the roots. What about the stalk and flowers?
b) when is the best time to harvest comfrey? Is there a past time to harvest?
c) can an infusion be too potent?
-for ex..double infusion (not sure if this is a term): first infusion then filtered and using new leaves but using the first round of filtered infused oil again for another 4-6 weeks. Or is this a waste?
d) is there a max oil infusion limit? I know you recommend 4-6 weeks. Is there a time frame that the infusion has reached peek infusion?
e) is infusing wet leaves more potent than dry leaves? Will both methods result in the same color? I’m thinking the wet leaves may be more effective cause you want the green liquids of the leaves, right?
Thank you for your time and patience with my newbie questions. I read mostly all the comments before asking.
Dee
I am only familiar with using the roots and the leaves. The best time to harvest roots and leaves is when the plant is not in flower. Some people do double infuse oils but I would recommend getting with a knowledgeable herbalist that can give you more specifics on some of this. The plant will give out the medicine that it has to give and then once that has happened it can’t give any more. You can go beyond the 6 weeks but I don’t know that you will get any more benefit. Using fresh plant material is often a way to get a more potent oil but you want to do a warm infusion for that, otherwise the excess moisture can spoil the oil.
Well written, engaging and down to earth. I appreciate the information as I’m going on a quest to go off the grid on the grid.
Ashley: how is the best way to DRY Comfrey Roots & Leaves. could you let me know on my E-Mail. Thanks.
I would use a dehydrator. They wilt and mold very quickly for some reason, and I’ve tried sun drying them and hanging them to dry. The leaves in particular always seem to mold before they dry. Maybe it’s out humid climate, but I’ve had success sun-drying other herbs without issue. It’s something about comfrey leaves that gives me trouble when I try to dehydrate them outside a dehydrator. (Sent this to you via email too, good luck!)
I love this idea.
I only use topicals. No oral meds ever. This is a awesome thing!! I have a sous vide, which would hold that perfect temp!!
I’m excited to try this.
I just have to find organic or as natural comfrey leaves!🌼☘️🍀🖖🌱🐛
This looks great. I used to have a garden with a lovely comfrey patch, I wish I’d had this recipe then! Just a hint for those that have blocks of beeswax: an old cheese grater is a wonderful thing to use on this when working with such small amounts. Just gratexwhat you need. 😊