Cornelian cherries are the sweet-tart fruit of a particular species of dogwood (Cornus mas) and they’ve been cultivated for thousands of years. They’re a part of the traditional cuisines in eastern Europe, Greece and Turkey, as well as a part of traditional Chinese medicine. These dogwood cherries are only just becoming popular and available in the US because of the rise in interest in backyard permaculture.
Cornelian cherries are mentioned in just about every permaculture text I’ve ever read, but they can be tricky to find locally and they’re most commonly ordered online by permaculture enthusiasts.
When I ran across three 5′ tall bushes at a plant auction, I made a point of bidding. Since no one seemed to know anything about them, very few people bid. I walked away with three plants, each about 5 feet tall, and each was covered in quarts of fruit.
Now the real problem, how do you grow cornelian cherry?
How to Grow Cornelian Cherry
The growth habit of cornelian cherry is somewhere between a bush and a small tree. They grow to somewhere between 15 and 25 feet tall, and large bushes can be 12 feet wide.
Since they’re a slow-growing plant, it can take decades for them to reach full size and they have an expected productive lifespan of about 150 years. If you’re planting cornelian cherry, make sure you pick a location that can handle their eventual size, even if you don’t live to see it.
Cornelian cherries aren’t picky about soil type, and though they prefer fertile well-drained soil, they can be grown on just about anything, including dense clay. That’s good news for our heavy clay soil.
The plants are hardy to either zone 4 or 5 depending on the cultivar. The plants flower very early in the spring, even earlier than forsythia. Given that, they may need protection from late frosts in colder areas like ours, we’ll see…
Harvesting Cornelian Cherry
Unripe cornelian cherries are tart and astringent, but the fully ripe fruit tastes like a cross between tart cherries and cranberries. The trick is, the fruit are not fully ripe until they fall from the bush. Even when they’re fully bright red, they’re not ready yet.
Truly ripe fruit is soft, and a deep red. The texture is a bit like a mushy plum that’s well past prime. At that stage, the fruit is soft and sweet-tart around a large oval-shaped seed.
The fruit are oval-shaped, with a large pit that’s firmly attached to the flesh. They’re tricky to pit, and generally, the fruit are boiled in a small bit of water until the fruit falls away from the pit.
Propagating Cornelian Cherry
Since plants can be a bit hard to find, I fully intended to propagate the three varieties I now have on the homestead. I quickly learned that propagation, by cuttings or seed, is a bit tricky.
Growing Cornelian Cherry from Seed
Cornelian cherry seeds need very specific conditions for germination, and I’m not sure I can actually recreate them here in Vermont. Sources vary a bit, but most say that cornelian cherry seeds require somewhere between 90 and 120 days of warm moist stratification (above 68 degrees f).
After that, the seeds need an additional 90 to 120 days of cold stratification (below 39 degrees). That’s tough to accomplish, especially with fruit that ripens in early October.
Our growing season here in zone 4 is only 100 days long, and there are maybe 60 to 80 days that stay dependably above 68 degrees. It’s hard to keep it above 68 indoors, and often enough it’ll be below 50 in the morning when I wake up before the wood stove is loaded in the morning. Given these conditions, I’m not sure how to replicate them, indoors or out.
Propagating Cornelian Cherry from Cuttings
Given that seeds are tricky, the next logical choice is hardwood cuttings. Propagating grapes and many other plants is easiest by hardwood cuttings since moisture levels are less critical than with softwood cuttings. Cornelian cherries apparently don’t do well with hardwood cuttings, and most sources suggest taking greenwood cuttings in July or August.
That said, I ran across one study that had a 60% success rate with some cultivars, though others just wouldn’t root at all from hardwood cuttings. Since I have three varieties, I’ll try taking dormant cuttings late this winter and see how it goes. If that fails, then greenwood cuttings midsummer seem like the only choice.
How to Use Cornelian Cherries
If the fruit are fully ripe, they’re sweet-tart with a very mild astringency. That’s too much for most American palates, but in the middle east, cornelian cherries are eaten as a snack with salt, and they’re also dried. The dried fruits are sold for use in traditional Chinese and Korean medicines for kidney issues.
Since the pits are so entrenched in the flesh, cornelian cherries are most commonly cooked into jams, jellies and syrups. With their rise in popularity in the US, they’re making their way into more westernized recipes from cheesecakes to fruit curds.
I made my own Cornelian Cherry Jam and my kids absolutely love it. If you want to try it, I also found the jam available for sale online.
Though we lack ethnic markets here in rural Vermont, one of my readers was kind enough to share pictures of Cornelian Cherry juice that she purchased. These pictures come from Taryn of SharkGarden.org, and she describes the flavor:
“The flavor impression is acidic and starchy and medium sweet. I thought it tasted like cherries mixed with cooked rhubarb. Fairly refreshing, but the acidity became a bit much after half a glass.”
Cornelian Cherry Recipes
Since they’re still relatively uncommon, it’s tricky to find cornelian cherry recipes online, but I did track down a few:
- Cornelian Cherry Curd
- Cornelian Cherry Cheesecake
- Cornelian Cherry Fruit Leather
- Cornelian Cherry Juice
- Cornelian Cherry Liqueur (Krana)
S.
Thanks for the informative article! I’ve been wanting these for years and I think I’m going to buy seed this year (I’d kind of like the diverse genetics, plus it’s cheaper), so I’m just doing a bit of research.
The reason I’m commenting though–since you’re off-grid, a seedling heating mat is probably out of the question, but what about using thermal mass around the seeds you’re trying to warm-stratify? Like stack some warm bricks around the pots at night, or even a gallon jug or pot of hot water next to the stratifying seeds, then draped with a blanket or covered with a cardboard box to make a little heat tent? It might not be 68 the whole time, but it would keep it a few degrees warmer, which might just be enough.
Anyway, good luck with your propagating 😀
Ashley Adamant
I recently found a supplier of cornelian cherry seedlings, and they’re MUCH cheaper than just about anywhere else. It’s a wholesale nursery, and bulk things like hazelnuts are as little as $1-2 per plant. Small, but designed for local nurseries to buy and then grow out themselves and sell for a 10-20x markup. They have cornelian cherries here: https://www.burntridgenursery.com/CORNELIAN-CHERRY-DOGWOOD-Cornus-mas/productinfo/NSDOCOR/
If for whatever reason your seedlings don’t pan out, that’s a good backup plan. Either way, please let me know hot it goes with your seedlings, I’d love to hear about your process.
Becky Sewell
I collected a handful of Cornelian cherry fruits under a tree growing in Ithaca, NY, late last fall, and planted them about an inch deep in my propagation bed in back of my house. I put a piece of hardware cloth (wire mesh) over it to keep birds from digging them up, and am now awaiting spring to HOPEFULLY see them sprout!
I’m also attempting a winter-sowing of silverberries (Elaeagnus umbellata) in a milk-jug with seed-starting mix, moistened, and set out in the propagation area. The berries had dried before planting, so I don’t know if they’ll grow. I have more in the freezer, if these don’t, and a seedling bush that came up voluntarily in a flower-bed that I will take cuttings from to root – I need to be taking a LOT of cuttings from various things!
Have you tried soaking your cuttings in willow-water before sticking them in soil? ALL species of willow (Salix) naturally produces the indolebutyric acid (IBA) used in the rooting-hormone you buy, so if you’re truly “off-grid,” make your own IBA! Snip 2-3 foot pieces of willow-branch tips, cut them in 1-3″ pieces, and soak them 24-48 hours in lukewarm water, or overnight in hot water. It keeps in storage for 2 months or more, and you just soak your cuttings in some for a few hours before sticking them. You can also stick the cuttings, then water them in the propagation bed/box/or whatever you’re growing them in, twice, soaking the soil each time. After that, use regular water.
Kamyar
Hi,
How old were your cornelian cherries ries before they fruited? Were they grafted?
If a seedling was the taste acceptable for a chance seedling plant?
Thank you, Kamyar
Ashley Adamant
Since ours were already mature when we got them, I don’t know personally how long it takes for them to begin bearing fruit. I did a bit of research for you and I found a few other sites saying 4-5 years old before they’d begin bearing fruit. I’ve seen places selling seedlings, but I don’t know about the fruit quality personally, ours were grafted named varieties.
Mike Schmaltz
I ordered two Cornelian Cherry bushes in the spring – 2017 – they were ten inches tall. This is the first year they had fruit (2022). In early March there was a flush of small yellow flowers. I gave the bushes rabbit droppings for fertilizer twice during spring and during hot, dry spells they get watered. They are six feet tall now. FYI we live in southern Indiana, planting zone 5a.
In mid July, there are red cherries on the bushes. I wait until they fall off and pick them up each morning. The cherries from one bush are sour and the other one is a little sweet.
Tree Nut
In the event someone is interested in technical information: https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_cofl2.pdf
“Flowering dogwood seeds can be hand-sown into outdoor beds soon after collection (September to October). This allows for the seeds to undergo natural warm stratification prior to exposure to cooler winter temperatures. Imbibe seeds overnight, dust with fungicide, and hand-sow 5 to 6 inches apart in rows. Sprinkle endomycorrhizae over the seed before covering with soil. Mulch the bed with sawdust. Seeds can be artificially cold stratified for 100 to 130 days and germinated at 15 to 27oC. Prior to spring emergence (March to April), remove mulch. Place shade cloth above newly emerged seedlings and keep it in place until August. Flowering dogwood can also be propagated by cutting, grafting, layering, and root division. It roots easily from cuttings taken in June or immediately after the plants bloom. Cut 8 cm of the terminal shoot tip, keeping 2 to 4 leaves, and dip into a one part indole-butyric acid (IBA) to 250 part talc (by weight) mixture. Set cuttings approximately 3 cm deep in rooting medium and grow under a misting system with a photoperiod of at least 18 hours.”
Ashley Adamant
Thank you so much! This is really helpful =)
Françoise
I will experiment planting Cornelius mas seeds I picked today.( At least I know I like the taste)
I was planning to try half of them in the drupe to ensure moisture what do you think about this? I could keep them under the coal door for now then in the fridge. In the winter it would be too cold under the coal door here in Pittsburgh.
Ashley Adamant
I’ve not yet tried growing them from seed, so I don’t have any personal advice, unfortunately. In one of the comments above there’s a link to detailed instructions for growing from seed that I found really helpful. Good luck!
Becky Sewell
Just an update on my overwintered cherry seeds in the ground – they didn’t grow. Neither did the winter-sown Elaeagnus seeds in the milk jug. The chipmunks seem to have dug up and eaten all the cherry seeds (GRRR!!!). My brother gave me some that he had overwintered dry in a plastic bag in his basement workshop. I planted them this spring and am keeping them moist, but no signs of life from them, either.
Now I’m trying “the difficult, if not impossible,” growing pawpaw (Asimina triloba) root suckers I dug in early June. After getting as much of the lateral roots with each vertical sucker as I could, I planted them in two tubs of potting mix, inside my greenhouse, watered and misted them heavily, and put clear plastic trash bags over them. Every few hours I would mist them again, to keep the leaves from drying out. I kept the bags over the tubs for a couple of weeks, then removed them and continued misting every 2-4 hours all day (when I was home). Gradually I reduced the misting when they didn’t look wilted between misting, and now I just do it early morning and late evening, only during the day if it’s really hot and they droop a little. I dug two yesterday to pot for a friend, and was very pleased to see they were growing nice little feeder roots in various places on the lateral root. Pawpaws grow enormous taproots very quickly after germination, but they’re kind of finicky about germinating – the seeds must NEVER dry out, but be planted fresh, or taken from the fruit, cleaned and put immediately in a bag of moist potting soil and stratified in a refrigerator for 90-120 days. If they dry out, it can reduce the germination rate by as much as 80% or more. (They won’t grow!) That explains why the four seeds I planted last fall didn’t grow – they were dry. I would not buy pawpaw seeds online for that reason! Either buy seedlings or grafted trees.
Ashley Adamant
Woah, good to know! I wish pawpaw would grow here, there are a few experimental cultivars showing some hardiness in our climate at a local nursery, but no fruit yet. Maybe someday! But I didn’t know that about their germination…now if I do find cultivars I’ll definitely skip seeds. Good luck with your cornelian cherries, I hope it works out if you try again.
Becky Sewell
I will definitely be trying again – I’m stubborn, if nothing else!
CJ
Several online retailers sell already stratified and/or current season pawpaw seeds.
Englands Orchard and Nursery
Nash Nursery
Red Fern Farm
Peaceful Heritage Nursery
Edoardo Larosa
great article, there’s not a lot of information out there on cornelian cherry.
However, we purchased a lot of trees to create a hedge out of them. It’s around 35 plants and they where grown in the Netherlands and pruned mechanically. They were 10 yrs old then and I’ve had them since 2014.
Recently I came up with the idea of see if a seed would germinate. I’ve had it stored in a pot at around 29 degrees celsius for three weeks with basically nothing happening so I went online to check if there was any info on that.
Haha , wow I wasn’t aware how hard they are to grow from seeds. But I’ll keep trying with the seeds I have. So basically in roughly 2 months i’ll put them in the fridge at around 6 degrees celsius for another 2-3 months.
Also when tasting the fruit ealier this summer i stuck two seeds down in the yard and that was two months ago , since winter is coming maybe by next year in spring there will something there, who knows. I did it most to play around.
For sure I’ll try and use branches next year, seems the easiest when you have the trees around.
Ill link to some pictures taken today of the hedge outside my house.
https://i.ibb.co/KFqZzwP/IMG-4617.jpg
https://i.ibb.co/RQbTf1y/IMG-4618.jpg
https://i.ibb.co/f2Zk4b6/IMG-4624.jpg
https://i.ibb.co/H7m80MW/IMG-4625.jpg
Tom Whelan
I have a beautiful mature Cornelian Cherry and in most springs I end up with several plants growing under the tree. I am not sure if they are Cornelians or something else and they are removed every year as beds are cleaned. Anyone have an image of a one or two year old plant?
Ashley Adamant
Take a look at the leaves once they leaf in all the way. They also may be just suckers off the parent plant maybe?
Simon
Hi.
Do you or anyone know where I can buy the actual fruit?
Thanks.
Simon
Admin
I don’t. Sorry! Have you checked your local farmer’s market?
Susan
We have pawpaws that we’re planted eleven years ago and are just now getting fruit. It was worth the wait. They were little stick trees when they went in, and the female is large and lovely. The male is still kind of dinky, but as long as the pollination happens we’re happy. Northern Willamette valley, Oregon.
Admin
Pawpaws are definitely worth the wait. Thanks for sharing!
Greg Martin
Thank you for the great article Ashley. I just wanted to mention that here in zone 5 Maine I’m seeing seedlings growing under my ‘Yellow’ cornelian cherry that I bought from One Green World. Can’t wait to move them to their permanent home and see what results!
Administrator
That’s super exciting.
Greg Martin
Your description of germination requirements and seeing these under my tree makes me wonder if they might have to go through two winters up here (double dormancy). I’ll try and be more observant.