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How to Eat a Pine Tree (and other Conifers)

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A while back I took a winter foraging course at our local herbal school, and I was truly amazed at how many ways you can eat a pine tree. 

Most conifers are not only edible, they’re also medicinal.  Every part is useful including the bark, needles, resin, nuts, and cones.

Pine Needles are edible and medicinal

Pine Nuts (Piñón)

The most obvious pine edible is the tasty nuts.  They find their way into fancy foods, and you don’t really get extra forager points for eating them. 

Your mother likely eats them on occasion.  You will, on the other hand, get bonus points for foraging your own or growing your own.

While all pines have edible seeds, most are too small to be worth the bother.  Worldwide there are roughly 20 species with large edible pine nuts, and most of those grow in warm climate areas. 

Up here in zone 4 edible nut pines are not a great foraging option, but there is a species of Korean nut pine that’s hardy to zone 4.  I’ll be able to report back on their taste in about a decade or so…

Pine nuts are famous for their use in pesto, but really they’re useful in all manner of recipes, savory or sweet.  They have a buttery flavor, which makes them especially good in cookies.

Pine Needles

Pine needles are perhaps the most versatile part of the tree.  Believe it or not, even more than pine nuts, as they can be made into a tasty tea, or mixed into just about any recipe savory or sweet for a spicy kick.  They’re also medicinal, which is a lovely bonus.

Externally, pine needles are added into salves for skin care “because pine is astringent, it reduces pore size and fine wrinkles.  And pine is a powerful antioxidant which means that it may help to prevent premature aging, and may even help to reverse skin damage.” 

Adding pine needles to homemade bath salts can help relieve headaches, soothe frazzled nerves, relieve muscle pain and treat skin irritation.  A pine needle hair rinse can be used to treat dandruff and eczema while adding shine to your hair.

Internally, pine is high in vitamin C, which makes it perfect in a nutrient-rich pine tea or pine needle soda.  Pine needles are also naturally antibacterial, antifungal and expectorant so they make a great pine cough syrup when combined with honey.

Pine Needle Cough Syrup from Grow Forage Cook Ferment

Pine Needle Cough Syrup from Grow Forage Cook Ferment

Besides their medicinal uses, pine needles are just plain tasty.  They add a peppery winter warmth to Douglass Fir infused eggnog or pine needle vodka.  A simple pine needle salad dressing can turn a green salad into a warming winter meal.

The needles of each type of conifer have their own individual tastes, and spruce tips are particularly prized for spruce tip beer, or just a simple flavorful spruce tip tea. 

Buttery cookies and cakes really compliment the spicy conifer needle flavor, like in these redwood needle shortbread cookies, or these Douglass fir shortbread cookies.  Similarly, pine needle sugar cookies strike just the right balance between earthy spice and sweet.

I love the idea of incorporating Douglass fir needles into a pear tart, as both pears and conifer are wonderful winter flavors.

Douglas fir pear tart from Nitty Gritty Life

Douglas fir pear tart from Nitty Gritty Life

Pine Pollen

Most people know of pine pollen as that annoying yellow powder that blankets their cars and sidewalks in the springtime.   Once your neighbors start complaining about their dirty cars, it’s time to get out foraging. 

Pine pollen season is short, and it’s variable depending on climate.  Many of our pines produce cones way out of reach 50+ feet in the air, but if you can find smaller trees you can harvest your own pine pollen.

Pine pollen can be used to replace flour in most recipes, provided you don’t replace more than 1/4 of the total amount.

Pine Pollen

Pine Bark

Harvesting pine bark causes severe damage to a tree, and bark should only be harvested from trees destined to be cut down for other reasons.  Pine bark has been harvested for food for hundreds of years, and one reason we know this is because the scars of pine bark harvesting are still present in Scandinavian trees after more than 700 years. 

Harvesting, even a little, scars the tree for life and harvesting too much will kill the tree altogether.

According to the Herbal Academy’s online Botany and Wildcrafting Course, “As a rule, never harvest from the trunk of a living tree. Only harvest bark from a tree that has been recently cut down for some other reason or has recently fallen over on its own. The timing here can be tricky, as you only want to harvest from recently fallen trees (within a few weeks of falling or being cut down) and not those that have begun to rot and decay. Never, absolutely never, cut a tree down simply just to harvest its bark or its root bark. This is not only unethical, but unsustainable, and is the reason why so many tree species used in herbalism, such as slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), are currently at risk from over-harvesting.”

Both the inner and outer bark of pine trees has been used as a food source by the Sami, an indigenous people from northern Scandinavia, and not just as a famine food. 

The inner bark especially is a rich source of vitamin C, and as Nordic Food Lab notes, “The phloem of the pine is rich in ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), which during the 1800s helped the Sami of the interior of Norway and Sweden avoid the scurvy that was at the time devastating the coastal populations of non-Sami farmers.”

Flour made from the inner bark contains about 1/4 of the calories as wheat flour, but since it’s a good source of scarce vitamins it was eaten by the richest in society.  The outer bark is not rich in calories, but it was also ground into flour to help bread and crackers keep, and because it contains tannins that science has since shown to support healthy cell function. 

A powder made from the outer bark of pine trees is even sold as a modern dietary supplement, which the manufacturer claims “may support healthier cardiovascular and circulatory function.”

Pine Bark Flour

Pine Bark Flour

The Nordic Cookbook has a recipe for traditional pettuleipä, which is a sourdough bread made from rye and inner pine bark flour.  I also came across a recipe from a Sami elder for bread that is made using the outer bark.  I made pine bark bread from the outer bark and found it pleasant and mildly spicy.

I’ve also made pine bark cookies with interesting results (recipe coming soon).  In the meantime, check out these birch bark cookies, which tasted amazing!

Wild Foraged Pine Bark Bread made with Pine Bark Flour

Pine Bark Bread made with Pine Bark Flour

Beyond grinding it into flour, the inner cambium can be eaten fresh as well.

The author of A Boreal Herbal notes, “The inner bark (cambium layer) has long been used as a survival food and can also be eaten in raw slices.  I like to use the soft, moist, white inner bark for making pesto.  Most pesto recipes call for pine nuts.  But one day, when I was making pesto I didn’t have any around.  Remembering the flavor of the pine’s inner bark, I thought, why not?  I’ll try it.  It was wonderful— I haven’t used pine nuts since.  The inner bark contains lots of starch and many sugars and can be boiled or ground and then added to soups and stews.”

Though not quite a pine, Tamarack is a related conifer.  In Rogers Herbal Manual, Herbalist Robert Rogers gives a recipe for tamarack bread: “Scrape off the softwood and inner bark of tamarack, mix with water, and ferment into a dough to be mid with rye meal.  Bury under the snow for a day.  As fermentation begins, the dough can be cooked as a camp bread or as dumplings, the sweet wood pulp acts as a sugar for the yeast in the rye.”

Pine Resin

Similar to harvesting bark, intentionally wounding a tree to harvest pine resin will scar a tree and provides access to insects and microbes that could stunt or kill the tree.  Harvesting from small branches or existing wounds is a better more ethical option.  Only harvest resin from the trunk of a tree that’s destined to be cut down for other reasons.

Pine resin is used medicinally for a variety of issues, both internally and externally.  Externally, it’s made into a pine resin salve that is very effective against rashes, but “It’s also an effective healing agent on cuts and bruises, helps to draw out splinters, and can be rubbed on your chest for congestion.”

It’s naturally antibacterial, so pine resin has been chewed as a gum for mouth complaints as well as sore throats.  A tea made from pine resin is supposedly good for arthritis as well.

The resin or sap from pine trees has a variety of uses, most of which don’t involve eating it.  It’s been used to create waterproof sealants for clothing and can be made into a wood stain/waterproofer.  It’s also used as an impromptu glue and firestarter.

Medicinal Pine Resin

Traditional pine resin harvesting.  IMPORTANT NOTE: This harvest method will kill or cripple the tree, and should only be used with trees that are going to be cut for other reasons. An existing small knot or branch scar is often sufficient for harvesting pine resin.

Pine Cones

I know what you’re thinking.  Pine cones!?!?  Those can’t possibly be edible. 

Apparently, they are edible and were eaten historically.  According to A Boreal Herbal, Indigenous peoples in Canada consumed not only the bark but also the cones of subalpine fir trees.  “The cones can also be used as food.  They can be ground into fine powder, which in the past was mixed with fat.  The result was considered both a delicacy and a digestive aid.”

Pine cones can be used to add flavor to dishes.  I’m a huge fan of Mongolian food, and I recently watched a video where they made traditional Mongolian bbq by smoking mutton over a slow burning fire of pine cones.

So tell me, have you eaten any part of a pine tree? How’d you prepare it? I’d love to know in the comments below.

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  3. Hi!
    I would like to say something about the bark bread.
    The rich people wouldn’t touch the stuff. It was only poor people who did. It wasn’t a delicacy, it was something people ate because they had to.
    Human digestion doesn’t quite manage it, so one has to be careful when eating it.
    It would be better to eat Aspen bark, that tastes better and digests easier.

    Reply

  5. Fantastic!!! I am just loving these posts!!! Very cool and very inspiring. If people only knew the freedom they could look forward to by knowing how much is edible all around us…

    Reply

  6. This article is very interesting! Can you be more specific about which species of pine? There are so many different species in the Pinus genus, it would be cool to know more specifics. Thanks for this informative article!

    Reply

  7. Never knew so much was edible on conifers! IVE only had pine needle tea but it sure will keep sickness at bay and is quite tasty! Thanks for the info . Arkansas

    Reply

  9. Enjoyed the post.
    I think it should be said that just cutting off 5 or 6 needles and twisting them together and chewing on them is a strong taste and it leaves your mouth feeling clean. Some people may prefer to use only one or 2 needles. I also imagine that you are absorbing the nutrients the same as a pine needle tea.

    Reply

    • As a youngster, I would chew on pine needles to kill bad breath. Not a bad taste and didn’t burn like Listerine! I have to say, I’ve eaten berries and wild onions, but I’ve never knowingly eaten pine tree. Thank you for the article.

      Reply

  11. You don’t mention about the damage done to the tree when you use the bark. I imagine one would use the bark of a tree that is destined to be cut down…? Have you done it yourself?

    Reply

    • Hi Nancy, Really good point and I just added a note on ethical bark harvesting to this article. I have a number of bark harvesting articles (birch bark flour, pine bark bread, slippery elm bark, willow bark, etc) and in all of those I have a discussion about how to harvest bark ethically. I have harvested pine bark as well as the others, but only from trees we were cutting down for other reasons.

      Yes, absolutely only use the bark from a tree destined to be cut down, or only use the bark from small limbs you cut off. I added a section about that above. Thanks for the reminder!

      Reply

  12. Pine needle tea is an acquired taste, but a little local honey can give a double boost of nutrition.

    Excellent article!

    Reply

  13. Dear Ashley,
    I lived my childhood in the villages and then have been living in a giant city for years. Now I decided to leave the city and go back to the nature. This decision made me curious about how to feed myself in the nature without spending money. So I found and read your article “How to Eat a Pine Tree (and other Conifers)”. I liked it very much. I thank you.
    I think that feeding ourselves from the nature is not just a feeding, but it is to stand out against the system. I really have difficulty in understanding why most of people are living this poor city life. (I hope I won’t be regretful about this last sentence. If I can’t survive in the nature and come back to city, I would be 🙂
    As I read more, I see that there are many things to learn and many things to eat…
    I pray that May Allah guide you to the right way.

    Reply

  14. We eat the young tufts in spring when they are an inch or less long: pleasantly sour and soft, also makes a nice addition to spring salads

    Reply

  15. Hello Ashley,
    You may not wish to post this, however, I thought you would find it interesting to know the old timers prob 2-3 generations back used turpentine spirits Made from the gum as medicine. Turpentine and sugar.
    Learned it from a Dr. Jennifer Daniels. If interested I can tell you more. Stopped my psoriasis problems and made incredible changes to my energy. Yes turpentine…paint thinner. Gotta use 100% pure spirits.
    Cheers…

    Reply

    • Brent Flory, I would be interested in knowing what you know. As a child we were given this for medicinal by my parents at the suggestion of a local Family Doctor.
      Hope to hear from you!
      Thank you.

      Reply

      • As a child & descendant of country folks from Ky, Turpentine was used for soaking my foot in from stepping on a rusty nail (I’m 78 so the miracle drugs & tetanus shots weren’t widely used yet by my Rural Texas transplanted kin. They also added a few drops to some sugar in a spoon & had me sip the liquid for bad coughs (had mainly been used for “croup”) They also used whiskey for the same purpose, with the sugar & maybe it would be safer today, as I don’t know if the purified turpentine is available or not. Maybe someone might add that info(?)

        Reply

    • I would love to know how you treat psoriasis! My daughter has a severe case of it and nothing has helped. The Dr. has recommended an expensive and potentially dangerous treatment. Please email me at davislelaine@hotmail.com. I would appreciate it so much!!

      Reply

    • I learned that too from Dr. J. Daniels. I have even given to my children in a spoon with sugar to cover the strong taste. I gave it to them for parasites. You should use it once in a while (1 x month – I think) to keep parasites away and keep your colon healthy. Especially since we now know that your colon is the main cause of many diseases.

      Reply

    • Honestly, I’d never heard of this issue even in years of foraging pine, but I did some research for you to be sure. Of course, nothing is 100% certain and everyone reacts to plants in different ways, but there is no evidence that pine needles cause issues in pregnant humans (at least that I can find, combing through studies on pine needles and abortions).

      I did, however, find a very exhaustive study that discusses pine needle abortion in cows. Apparently it’s just some species of pine, and only if a cow eats A LOT of specific species in very late pregnancy. Like 3-5 pounds of needles a day for many days in a row, and even then, if she begins to show symptoms of issues if the pine needles are removed she’s fine. It doesn’t affect buffalo, which regularly eat these species, so as far as I can tell it’s just an issue with cows and a specific reaction to a specific pine species (Ponderosa Pine). Anyhow, study here: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1147&context=rangebeefcowsymp

      I also found a discussion on eat the weeds, which talks about busting foraging myths. Myth #1 is that pine needle tea causes abortions.

      “The basis for this rumor is a veterinary study decades ago. If you are a cow and you eat many pounds of Ponderosa Pine needles you have a 5 to 8 percent chance out of 100 of having an abortion or still-birth. If you boil a huge amount of pine needles in water for hours down to a small amount of gross liquid and you drink it, then maybe it would cause an abortion. A few needles soaked in hot water is no threat to anyone except for possible allergies.”

      Reply

  18. So, of coures pine nuts but I also love pine needle tea. Here in NJ we have forests of long needle pine and it makes for a lovely boiled tea. Using only three hand fulls of needles from each healthy mature tree, and gathering a half pot of needles, add enough water to fill said pot and let it simmer. With a touch of honey or sugar it makes a lovely tea. This tea was used during colonial times for winter colds and throat issues.
    Pine tea is the reason that folk from South NJ are oft referred to ‘a piney’ which is sometimes considered an insult as those living in South Jersey are oft considered ‘lower class, poorer in education, medical and dental care. Basically to call someone a ‘piney’ is a ‘verbal poke’ the punch line of jokes. Trugh be told, South Jersey is a lovely place to visit and live. These days it is not at all deserving of those pokes.

    Reply

  19. Do you have any books available on your knowledge? Very interested in learning all the foraging I can. Teaching my grandsons as I go so this isn’t lost. Look forward to your reply.

    Reply

  20. I am so loving your articles!
    I grew up pretty much hating pine trees….as a kid, growing up in the woods of NH, I was always covered in the pitch that nothing seemed to be able to remove from the palms of my hands! But this article gives me reasons to appreciate these awesome trees. The tea sound wonderful and so non-evasive, I will be trying this soon. I might give a go at some other ideas.

    Reply

  22. I ate a bit of pine resin ( bought online for a craft project) and searched to see the effects. interesting read, may try more of the pine tree now! from the U.K.

    Reply

  25. Any resources on particular pine species that are safe to work with? I’ve read that both Ponderosa and Lodge Pole are somewhat toxic and those are our most common evergreens here at high elevation in Colorado. We don’t have white pine that I know of up here.

    Reply

    • Pine, spruce and hemlock trees are all edible. You do want to steer away from the Ponderosa Pines and anything in the Yew family.

      Reply

      • I have read Hemlocks are high in arsenic which can actually harm artesian water. Our water was tested and because it is surrounded by hemlocks was contaminated with arsenic. Would love input on injesting hemlock long term if they harbor arsenic. Love my pine though!

        Reply

        • I’m not personally aware of this being an issue. Hemlock trees are a very common wild edible. If you find some research on it feel free to share it.

          Reply

  26. In Kazakhstan, I had a sweet syrup used as an after dinner tonic and cough treatment which was made of very small and tender pine cones boiled in sugar syrup. It was aromatic and delicious, and the cones were so tender that people chewed them up. I’d recommend it — it was pleasant and effective.

    Reply

  27. Could I use the tips of the Jack Pine to make jelly? I know I can use spruce and blue spruce but I have access to many jack pines and they are blooming! Thank you

    Reply

  28. I live in the Canary Islands. Here we have Pinus canariensis, the Canary Island pine. Any idea if this pine is edible? Thanks.

    Reply

  29. The old timers in eastern NC used to chew pine needles for indigestion. That was during my childhood years. Now that I’m a senior citizen I still chew pine needles for indigestion. Thanks for putting up your website, I enjoy reading it and still learn! Don

    Reply

  30. You might want to make a note of it that pregnant women or women trying shouldn’t get anything from pine trees.

    Reply

    • Someone previously asked about pine needles causing abortion. I am assuming that this would be why you are recommending that pregnant women not use it. This was the response to the previous poster. “Honestly, I’d never heard of this issue even in years of foraging pine, but I did some research for you to be sure. Of course, nothing is 100% certain and everyone reacts to plants in different ways, but there is no evidence that pine needles cause issues in pregnant humans (at least that I can find, combing through studies on pine needles and abortions). I did, however, find a very exhaustive study that discusses pine needle abortion in cows. Apparently it’s just some species of pine, and only if a cow eats A LOT of specific species in very late pregnancy. Like 3-5 pounds of needles a day for many days in a row, and even then, if she begins to show symptoms of issues if the pine needles are removed she’s fine. It doesn’t affect buffalo, which regularly eat these species, so as far as I can tell it’s just an issue with cows and a specific reaction to a specific pine species (Ponderosa Pine). Anyhow, study here: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1147&context=rangebeefcowsymp I also found a discussion on eat the weeds, which talks about busting foraging myths. Myth #1 is that pine needle tea causes abortions.

      ‘The basis for this rumor is a veterinary study decades ago. If you are a cow and you eat many pounds of Ponderosa Pine needles you have a 5 to 8 percent chance out of 100 of having an abortion or still-birth. If you boil a huge amount of pine needles in water for hours down to a small amount of gross liquid and you drink it, then maybe it would cause an abortion. A few needles soaked in hot water is no threat to anyone except for possible allergies’ ”

      Of course, if you are pregnant or trying to become pregnant, it’s always a good idea to work closely with your physician and/or herbalist to help you make these decisions.

      Reply

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